Is It Really Hard to Get into the Music Industry? A Comprehensive Guide

The music industry is often seen as a world of glamour and excitement, but for many aspiring artists, it can be a tough and challenging road to success. With countless talented musicians vying for a limited number of opportunities, it’s no wonder that many people wonder: is it really hard to get into the music industry? In this comprehensive guide, we’ll explore the ins and outs of the music industry, from the challenges of breaking into the business to the strategies for building a successful career. Whether you’re just starting out or you’re a seasoned pro, this guide will provide you with the information you need to navigate the industry and achieve your goals. So, let’s dive in and discover the truth about whether it’s hard to get into the music industry.

Quick Answer:
The music industry can be notoriously difficult to break into, with a multitude of talented artists vying for limited opportunities. However, with dedication, perseverance, and a solid understanding of the industry, it is possible to increase your chances of success. A comprehensive guide to the music industry would provide insights into the various paths one can take to achieve their goals, such as pursuing a music degree, networking, building a fanbase through social media, and developing a unique sound or style. It would also delve into the importance of marketing and branding oneself, as well as the various challenges and obstacles one may face along the way. Ultimately, while the music industry can be tough to navigate, with the right tools and mindset, it is possible to make a name for oneself and find success.

What Makes the Music Industry Challenging?

Talent vs. Luck

In the music industry, there is a long-standing debate about whether talent or luck plays a more significant role in an artist’s success. While some argue that talent is the key to success, others believe that luck and connections are just as important.

Talent

Talent is undoubtedly an essential factor in the music industry. Artists who possess a unique voice, exceptional songwriting skills, and a captivating stage presence are more likely to catch the attention of record labels and music industry professionals. However, even the most talented artists need to work hard to hone their craft and make a name for themselves in the industry.

Luck

Luck also plays a significant role in the music industry. Many successful artists attribute their success to being in the right place at the right time. For example, being discovered by a music producer or signing a record deal after a chance encounter with a music industry professional can launch an artist’s career.

Additionally, luck can come in the form of a hit song or a viral video that suddenly propels an artist to fame. However, it’s important to note that luck is not a guaranteed path to success. Many artists who experience a brief moment of success struggle to maintain it without the support of their talent and hard work.

Connections

Connections are also a crucial factor in the music industry. Knowing the right people and having a strong network of industry professionals can open doors to opportunities that might otherwise be unattainable. For example, having a powerful manager or a well-connected record label can give an artist access to resources and opportunities that can help them succeed.

However, it’s important to note that connections alone do not guarantee success. An artist still needs to have talent and work hard to make a name for themselves in the industry.

In conclusion, while talent, luck, and connections all play a role in an artist’s success in the music industry, talent is the one factor that an artist can control and develop. Hard work, dedication, and a commitment to honing one’s craft are essential for success in the industry, regardless of luck or connections.

Competition

The music industry is known for its fierce competition, making it difficult for aspiring artists to break through and establish a name for themselves. The industry is saturated with talented individuals, each vying for the same opportunities and exposure. The sheer number of people seeking success in the music industry can make it challenging for newcomers to stand out.

Additionally, the music industry is a business, and as such, it is driven by profit. This means that record labels and other industry professionals are more likely to invest in artists who have already demonstrated their ability to sell records or generate revenue. As a result, new artists may struggle to secure record deals or receive the support they need to succeed.

Moreover, the rise of social media and the internet has made it easier for aspiring artists to share their music with a wider audience. While this can be a positive development, it also means that there is an overabundance of content, making it even harder for artists to get noticed.

In conclusion, the music industry’s competitive nature can make it challenging for new artists to break through and establish a successful career. Aspiring artists must be prepared to face stiff competition and work hard to differentiate themselves from the crowd.

Industry Changes

The music industry is constantly evolving, and this can make it difficult for aspiring artists to break into the business. Here are some of the key changes that have occurred in the industry in recent years:

  • Digitalization: The rise of digital technology has transformed the way music is produced, distributed, and consumed. Artists can now release their music online, and streaming services like Spotify and Apple Music have become dominant players in the industry. This has made it easier for independent artists to reach a wider audience, but it has also made it more difficult for established artists to earn a living from their music.
  • Subgenres: As the music industry has become more diverse, new subgenres have emerged, making it harder for artists to stand out in a crowded market. For example, hip-hop has given rise to countless subgenres, such as trap, cloud rap, and mumble rap, each with its own unique sound and audience.
  • Social Media: Social media has given artists more control over their careers, but it has also made it harder to stand out in a sea of content. Platforms like Instagram and TikTok have become crucial for artists to promote their music and connect with fans, but the sheer volume of content on these platforms can make it difficult to gain traction.
  • Mergers and Acquisitions: The music industry has seen a number of high-profile mergers and acquisitions in recent years, with major labels consolidating their power and independent labels struggling to compete. This has made it harder for new artists to get signed and gain exposure, as major labels focus on a smaller number of top-selling artists.
  • Piracy: The rise of music piracy has made it harder for artists to earn a living from their music. While piracy has declined in recent years, it remains a significant challenge for artists, particularly those in genres that are more prone to piracy, such as electronic and hip-hop.

Overall, the changing landscape of the music industry has made it more challenging than ever for artists to break through and establish a successful career. However, with the right strategies and mindset, it is still possible for talented artists to find success in today’s industry.

The Ups and Downs of Pursuing a Music Career

Key takeaway: The music industry is challenging due to the role of talent, luck, and connections. To succeed, artists must work hard to hone their craft, differentiate themselves from others, and build a strong brand. Networking and collaboration are also crucial for success.

To succeed in the music industry, artists must possess talent, work hard to hone their craft, differentiate themselves from others, and build a strong brand. Additionally, networking and collaboration are crucial for success. Talent, luck, and connections all play a role in an artist’s success, but talent is the one factor that an artist can control and develop. Aspiring artists must be prepared to face stiff competition and work hard to differentiate themselves from the crowd.

Pros of a Music Career

  • Personal Fulfillment: Pursuing a career in music can be incredibly fulfilling on a personal level. It allows you to express yourself creatively and share your unique perspective with the world.
  • Financial Success: While it’s true that many musicians struggle financially, there is also the potential for significant financial success. Musicians who find success can earn a substantial income from record sales, touring, and other ventures.
  • Fame and Recognition: For many musicians, the opportunity to become famous and recognized for their work is a major draw. This can open up opportunities for collaboration, endorsement deals, and other opportunities.
  • Flexibility: Many musicians enjoy the flexibility that comes with their career. They are able to set their own schedules, work from home, and pursue other passions and interests while still making a living.
  • Opportunities for Creativity: The music industry is constantly evolving, and there are always new opportunities for creativity. Musicians have the opportunity to experiment with new sounds, styles, and technologies, and to push the boundaries of what is possible in their field.

Cons of a Music Career

While pursuing a music career can be an exciting and rewarding experience, there are also several downsides to consider. In this section, we will explore some of the potential cons of a music career, including financial instability, lack of job security, and emotional strain.

Financial Instability

One of the most significant challenges of pursuing a music career is financial instability. Unlike other industries, the music industry does not offer a guaranteed salary or steady income. As a result, musicians often have to rely on a patchwork of income sources, including gigs, merchandise sales, and streaming revenue, to make ends meet.

Moreover, the income of musicians can be highly unpredictable, with earnings varying significantly from one month to the next. This financial instability can make it difficult for musicians to plan for the future, pay bills, and support themselves and their families.

Lack of Job Security

Another downside of pursuing a music career is the lack of job security. Unlike other industries, there is no guarantee of employment in the music industry. Musicians must constantly compete for gigs, record deals, and other opportunities, and there is no guarantee that they will be successful in securing these opportunities.

Furthermore, the music industry is highly competitive, and even the most talented musicians may struggle to find work. This lack of job security can be stressful and unpredictable, making it difficult for musicians to plan for the future and support themselves.

Emotional Strain

Finally, pursuing a music career can also be emotionally draining. The music industry is highly demanding, and musicians must be willing to put in long hours, travel extensively, and deal with rejection and criticism.

Moreover, the music industry can be highly political, with musicians often having to navigate complex relationships with managers, agents, and other industry professionals. This can be emotionally taxing, and may require musicians to develop thick skin and a strong sense of resilience.

In conclusion, while pursuing a music career can be an exciting and rewarding experience, there are also several downsides to consider. Financial instability, lack of job security, and emotional strain are all potential cons of a music career, and musicians must be prepared to navigate these challenges in order to succeed in the industry.

Is There a Secret to Success in the Music Industry?

Building a Strong Brand

Establishing a Unique Identity

In the competitive world of the music industry, establishing a unique identity is crucial for success. Artists must differentiate themselves from the masses by developing a distinct style, voice, or image that resonates with their target audience. This could involve incorporating a unique genre-blending approach, experimenting with unconventional sounds, or adopting a visually striking aesthetic. By doing so, artists can carve out a niche for themselves and stand out in a crowded market.

Crafting a Compelling Narrative

A strong brand in the music industry is not just about the music itself; it’s also about the story behind it. Artists must craft a compelling narrative that connects with their audience on an emotional level. This could involve sharing personal experiences, highlighting a message or cause, or weaving a captivating tale that accompanies their music. A powerful narrative not only helps to build an emotional connection with fans but also serves as a driving force behind an artist’s career.

Maintaining Consistency and Authenticity

Building a strong brand in the music industry requires consistency and authenticity. Artists must stay true to their unique identity and ensure that their music, image, and messaging remain consistent across all platforms. This involves not only being genuine in their artistry but also actively engaging with their audience, building a community around their brand, and consistently delivering high-quality content. Authenticity fosters trust and loyalty among fans, making it a critical component of a successful music industry brand.

Leveraging Social Media and Technology

In today’s digital age, social media and technology play a significant role in building a strong brand in the music industry. Artists can use platforms like Instagram, TikTok, and Twitter to connect with fans, share behind-the-scenes content, and promote their music. Additionally, advancements in music technology have made it easier for artists to produce, record, and distribute their music, allowing them to maintain creative control and build their brand independently. Embracing technology and social media can help artists amplify their brand and reach a wider audience.

Collaborating with Other Artists and Industry Professionals

Collaboration is a powerful tool for building a strong brand in the music industry. Artists can collaborate with other musicians, producers, and industry professionals to expand their reach, gain new fans, and diversify their sound. Collaborations not only provide opportunities for artists to learn from one another but also expose them to new audiences, helping to solidify their brand and increase their visibility. Additionally, collaborating with industry professionals can lead to valuable connections and opportunities for growth within the industry.

Networking and Collaboration

The music industry is notoriously difficult to break into, with countless talented artists vying for limited opportunities. While there is no single secret to success, one strategy that can significantly increase your chances of making it in the industry is networking and collaboration.

The Importance of Networking

Networking is essential in any industry, but it is especially crucial in the music industry. Building relationships with other musicians, producers, managers, and industry professionals can open doors to new opportunities, provide valuable feedback and advice, and help you stay connected to the latest trends and developments in the industry.

One effective way to network is to attend music industry events and festivals, where you can meet other professionals and showcase your talent. Additionally, social media platforms like Instagram, Twitter, and Facebook can be powerful tools for connecting with other musicians and industry professionals.

Collaborating with Other Artists

Collaborating with other artists can also be a great way to gain exposure and build your reputation in the industry. Collaborating with more established artists can help you reach new audiences and gain credibility, while working with less experienced artists can help you develop your skills and learn from others.

In addition to collaborating on music projects, you can also collaborate with other artists on marketing and promotional efforts. By pooling your resources and working together, you can reach a larger audience and gain more exposure for your music.

Finding the Right Networking and Collaboration Opportunities

While networking and collaboration can be powerful tools for success in the music industry, it’s important to be strategic about the opportunities you pursue. Look for events and opportunities that align with your goals and target audience, and be selective about the collaborations you pursue.

Additionally, be open to new opportunities and be willing to step outside of your comfort zone. You never know where a new connection or collaboration may lead you.

In conclusion, networking and collaboration are crucial strategies for success in the music industry. By building relationships with other professionals and collaborating with other artists, you can gain exposure, develop your skills, and increase your chances of making it in the industry.

Staying True to Yourself

In the fast-paced and highly competitive world of the music industry, it can be tempting to try to conform to certain standards or mimic the styles of successful artists in order to gain success. However, one of the most important factors in achieving long-term success in the music industry is staying true to yourself.

Embrace Your Unique Style

One of the keys to standing out in the music industry is to have a unique style that sets you apart from other artists. This means embracing your individuality and being authentic in your music. Instead of trying to copy the style of other successful artists, focus on developing your own sound and style.

Build a Strong Brand

Having a strong brand is crucial in the music industry. This means creating a distinct image and persona that resonates with your audience. Building a strong brand requires a deep understanding of your target audience and what they want from an artist.

Be Consistent

Consistency is key in the music industry. This means staying true to your style and brand, and consistently producing high-quality music that resonates with your audience. Consistency helps to build trust and credibility with your fans, and can help you to establish a loyal fan base.

Be Authentic

Above all, it’s important to be authentic in your music and your interactions with your fans. This means being genuine and true to yourself, and not trying to be something you’re not. Authenticity helps to build trust and connections with your fans, and can help you to stand out in a crowded industry.

By staying true to yourself and embracing your unique style, building a strong brand, being consistent, and being authentic, you can increase your chances of success in the music industry. Remember, the key to success in the music industry is to be yourself and let your unique talents and style shine through.

Navigating the Music Industry: Tips and Tricks

Finding the Right Opportunities

  • Networking and Connections
    • Attend music industry events and conferences
    • Reach out to industry professionals and make connections
    • Utilize social media platforms to build relationships
  • Submitting Demos and Music Samples
    • Research music industry contacts and submit your work to them
    • Utilize online platforms such as Spotify, SoundCloud, and ReverbNation to share your music
  • Collaborating with Other Artists
    • Partner with other artists to create new music and expand your audience
    • Seek out opportunities to open for established artists
  • Creating a Strong Online Presence
    • Maintain an active social media presence to connect with fans and industry professionals
    • Create a professional website to showcase your music and brand
  • Building a Fanbase
    • Engage with fans and build a loyal following through live performances and social media
    • Offer exclusive content and rewards to fans to encourage engagement
  • Seeking Out Professional Help
    • Consider hiring a manager, agent, or publicist to help navigate the industry and secure opportunities
    • Utilize online resources such as music industry forums and blogs to stay informed and seek advice from industry professionals.

Building a Support System

One of the most important things you can do when trying to break into the music industry is to build a support system. This means surrounding yourself with people who are knowledgeable about the industry and can provide guidance and advice as you navigate your way through it. Here are some tips for building a support system:

  • Attend networking events: There are many events in the music industry that are geared towards networking, such as music festivals, conferences, and showcases. These events are a great opportunity to meet people who are already established in the industry and can provide guidance and advice.
  • Join music communities: There are many online communities that are dedicated to music, such as forums, social media groups, and online communities. These communities are a great place to connect with other musicians and industry professionals and to get advice and support.
  • Seek out mentors: A mentor is someone who has experience in the industry and can provide guidance and advice as you navigate your way through it. Look for someone who is knowledgeable about the area of the industry that you are interested in and who is willing to provide support and guidance.
  • Build relationships: Building relationships with people in the industry is key to success. Whether it’s through networking events, online communities, or simply reaching out to people you admire, building relationships can lead to opportunities and support.

Overall, building a support system is essential for navigating the music industry. By surrounding yourself with knowledgeable and experienced people, you can gain valuable insights and support as you work towards your goals.

Developing Resilience

As an aspiring musician, it’s important to understand that the road to success in the music industry is not always easy. You will encounter numerous obstacles and setbacks along the way, and it’s crucial to have the resilience to bounce back from these challenges. Developing resilience is about learning to cope with adversity, maintaining a positive attitude, and continuing to pursue your goals despite the obstacles that may arise. Here are some tips for developing resilience in the music industry:

  • Stay Focused on Your Goals: It’s easy to get discouraged when you face rejection or disappointment, but it’s important to stay focused on your goals. Remember why you started pursuing music in the first place and what you hope to achieve. Keep your eye on the prize and don’t let setbacks deter you from your ultimate goal.
  • Cultivate a Support System: Surround yourself with people who support and encourage you. This can include family, friends, mentors, or other musicians. Having a support system can help you stay motivated and inspired, even when things get tough.
  • Learn from Failure: Failure is a natural part of the learning process, and it’s important to embrace it as such. Instead of dwelling on failure, use it as an opportunity to learn and grow. Reflect on what went wrong and what you can do differently in the future.
  • Stay Positive: Maintaining a positive attitude is crucial for building resilience. Focus on the things that are going well and try to maintain a sense of optimism, even in the face of adversity. This can help you stay motivated and energized, even when things seem tough.
  • Take Care of Yourself: It’s important to take care of your physical and mental health. Make sure you’re getting enough sleep, eating well, and exercising regularly. Take breaks when you need them and prioritize self-care. Taking care of yourself will help you build resilience and bounce back from setbacks more effectively.

In conclusion, developing resilience is essential for navigating the music industry. It’s important to stay focused on your goals, cultivate a support system, learn from failure, stay positive, and take care of yourself. By building resilience, you’ll be better equipped to handle the challenges that come with pursuing a career in music.

Overcoming Obstacles and Achieving Your Goals

Dealing with Rejection

Rejection is an inevitable part of pursuing a career in the music industry. You will face numerous rejections throughout your journey, but it is essential to keep pushing forward. Here are some strategies to help you deal with rejection:

  1. Understand the nature of rejection: Rejection is a natural part of any creative field. It does not mean that you are not talented or that you will never make it. Instead, it means that your work has not resonated with someone yet. Remember that success often comes after multiple attempts.
  2. Maintain a positive attitude: Rejection can be disheartening, but it is crucial to maintain a positive attitude. Surround yourself with supportive people who encourage you to keep going.
  3. Use rejection as a learning opportunity: Rejection can be a valuable learning experience. Ask for feedback from those who rejected you and use it to improve your craft. This will help you grow as an artist and increase your chances of success in the future.
  4. Keep moving forward: Rejection is temporary, and you should not let it stop you from pursuing your dreams. Keep writing, recording, and performing, and eventually, your hard work will pay off.
  5. Embrace failure: Failure is a natural part of the creative process. Embrace it, learn from it, and use it to fuel your passion for music. Remember that the most successful artists have faced rejection and failure numerous times before finding success.

By understanding the nature of rejection, maintaining a positive attitude, using rejection as a learning opportunity, keeping moving forward, and embracing failure, you can deal with rejection effectively and continue on your path to success in the music industry.

Balancing Passion and Practicality

The music industry is notorious for being highly competitive and challenging to break into. However, with the right mindset and approach, it is possible to navigate the industry and achieve your goals. One of the most important aspects of this process is balancing your passion for music with practical considerations such as career planning, networking, and building a strong portfolio of work.

Understanding Your Passion

Before you can effectively balance your passion and practicality, it’s important to have a clear understanding of what drives you as a musician. What are your goals? What kind of music do you want to create? What kind of impact do you want to have on your audience? These questions can help you to focus your efforts and make more informed decisions about your career.

Developing a Career Plan

Having a clear career plan is essential for any musician looking to make a living in the industry. This plan should include both short-term and long-term goals, as well as a realistic timeline for achieving them. It’s also important to consider factors such as market demand, competition, and potential income streams.

Networking

Networking is an essential aspect of the music industry, and it’s important to approach it with a strategic mindset. Attend industry events, reach out to other musicians and industry professionals, and use social media to connect with potential collaborators and fans. However, it’s also important to remember that networking should not be seen as a means to an end, but rather as a way to build genuine relationships and collaborate with like-minded individuals.

Building a Strong Portfolio

Having a strong portfolio of work is essential for any musician looking to stand out in the industry. This includes not only your music, but also any other creative projects you may be involved in, such as music videos or live performances. Make sure to document your work and make it easily accessible to industry professionals and potential collaborators.

In conclusion, balancing passion and practicality is crucial for any musician looking to make a living in the industry. By understanding your passion, developing a career plan, networking strategically, and building a strong portfolio of work, you can increase your chances of success and achieve your goals.

Setting Realistic Expectations

As an aspiring musician, it is crucial to set realistic expectations when entering the music industry. While the idea of becoming a successful artist may seem enticing, the reality is that it takes time, effort, and perseverance to achieve your goals.

One way to set realistic expectations is to research the industry thoroughly. Learn about the different paths that artists take to success, and understand that there is no one-size-fits-all approach. Be aware of the competition and the many obstacles that you may face along the way.

Another important aspect of setting realistic expectations is to develop a solid work ethic. Hard work and dedication are essential to achieving success in any field, and the music industry is no exception. Be prepared to put in long hours of practice, writing, and networking.

Additionally, it is important to be open to feedback and criticism. Constructive criticism can help you improve your craft and can lead to greater success in the long run. Don’t let negative feedback discourage you; instead, use it as an opportunity to grow and learn.

Lastly, remember that success in the music industry is not solely based on talent. Other factors, such as luck, timing, and connections, also play a role. While these factors may be outside of your control, you can control your attitude and work ethic.

By setting realistic expectations, you can avoid disappointment and frustration, and stay motivated on your journey to success in the music industry.

The Bottom Line

The music industry is a highly competitive field, and it can be difficult to break into. However, with determination, hard work, and a solid plan, it is possible to overcome the obstacles and achieve your goals.

One of the most important things to keep in mind is that success in the music industry does not happen overnight. It takes time, effort, and persistence to make it in this field. It is important to have realistic expectations and to be prepared for the long haul.

Another key factor is to develop a strong brand and identity as an artist. This includes creating a unique sound, style, and image that sets you apart from the competition. It is also important to establish a strong online presence, through social media and other platforms, to connect with fans and promote your music.

Networking is also crucial in the music industry. Building relationships with other musicians, industry professionals, and fans can help you get your foot in the door and open up opportunities for collaboration and exposure. Attending industry events, such as music festivals and conferences, can also be a great way to make connections and learn about the latest trends and opportunities in the industry.

In addition to these strategies, it is important to be proactive and take initiative in pursuing your goals. This includes seeking out opportunities, creating your own projects and collaborations, and being open to new experiences and challenges.

Overall, while the music industry can be challenging to break into, it is possible to overcome the obstacles and achieve success with hard work, determination, and a solid plan. By developing a strong brand, networking, and being proactive, you can increase your chances of making it in this competitive field.

Final Thoughts

As you embark on your journey to succeed in the music industry, it’s important to remember that success doesn’t happen overnight. It takes hard work, dedication, and perseverance to achieve your goals.

One of the most important things to keep in mind is to never give up. The road to success is often filled with obstacles and setbacks, but it’s important to keep pushing forward. Don’t let rejection or disappointment discourage you from pursuing your dreams. Instead, use those experiences as opportunities to learn and grow.

Another key factor in achieving success in the music industry is networking. Building relationships with other musicians, producers, and industry professionals can open doors and provide valuable opportunities. Attend industry events, join music communities, and reach out to others in the industry to build your network.

Lastly, it’s important to stay true to yourself and your art. The music industry can be fickle and it’s easy to get caught up in trends and trying to fit into a particular mold. However, authenticity and originality are highly valued in the industry. Stay true to your own style and voice, and let that guide you as you pursue your goals.

In conclusion, getting into the music industry can be challenging, but with hard work, dedication, and perseverance, it is possible to achieve your goals. Remember to never give up, build relationships, and stay true to yourself and your art.

FAQs

1. Is it difficult to get into the music industry?

Answer:

Yes, it can be challenging to break into the music industry. With so many talented artists and limited opportunities, it can be tough to stand out and make a name for yourself. However, it’s not impossible. With hard work, dedication, and a bit of luck, you can increase your chances of success.

2. What skills do I need to succeed in the music industry?

To succeed in the music industry, you need to have a combination of skills, including musical talent, songwriting ability, marketing and promotion skills, and business acumen. You also need to be able to network, collaborate with others, and adapt to changing trends and technologies.

3. How do I start my career in the music industry?

Starting your career in the music industry typically involves a few key steps. First, you need to develop your musical skills and create a portfolio of your work. Then, you can start networking with other musicians, producers, and industry professionals, and look for opportunities to perform and showcase your talent. Finally, you can start promoting yourself and your music through social media, online platforms, and other marketing channels.

4. What are the biggest challenges in the music industry?

The biggest challenges in the music industry include standing out in a crowded market, navigating complex contracts and legal issues, and dealing with unpredictable changes in technology and consumer preferences. You also need to be prepared for the competitive and often unpredictable nature of the industry, and be willing to work hard and adapt to new opportunities as they arise.

5. Can I make a living as a musician?

It is possible to make a living as a musician, but it can be challenging. Many musicians supplement their income with other jobs or sources of income, such as teaching, writing music, or performing at events. To increase your chances of success, you need to develop a strong fan base, build a reputation as a reliable and professional performer, and be strategic about how you promote and monetize your music.

Rick James – Hard To Get (Official Music Video)

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *